Paris 1940-1944The daily routine
of Parisians
under the Occupation

  • Paris 1940-1944, The Routine under Siege
  • Masters of the Image
  • The German Presence
  • Paris and Collaboration
  • Expositions
  • Anti-Semitism
  • Deliberately "Blurring Daily Life"
  • Paris is hungry, Paris is cold
  • Production
  • Labor Unions in Disarray
  • The War Goes On
  • Multiple Resistances
  • The Resistance Goes Public
  • Cracking Down
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  • The Original Exhibit at the Réfectoire des Cordeliers in Paris
  • Acknowledgements and credits
  • Accessibility
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  • Français / English
  • Protesting
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"Le syndicalisme français. Ce qu'il demeure, ce qu'il doit devenir" [The French labor union movement. What it still is, what it must become], p.3


Paris, November 15, 1940
Archives nationales © AN
Also called the "Manifeste des douze" [Manifest of the Twelve] because it was signed by twelve labor union leaders, this tract was authored primarily by Christian Pineau, the future founder of the clandestine newspaper Libération (North) and of the resistance movement of the same name. Nine of the signers were CGT federations leaders with non-communist tendencies, and the three others were top officials in the CFTC. The Vichy government had recently dissolved both confederations.